Contributor-Def

definiton (consensus)

Left cerebral hemisphere
chinese name: 大脑左半球
part of: Cerebral hemisphere

Cerebral hemisphere
chinese name: 大脑半球
subclass of: Hemisphere

Hemisphere
Definition4: FMA: Cerebral hemisphere - segment of telencephalon which has as its direct proper parts cerebral cortex and cerebral medulla.
Definition1: One of two halves of the brain, divided along the midline in the sagittal plane
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Contributor-Def: Need to look up whether this is only cortex
chinese name: 半球
part of: Brain

Brain
part of: Central nervous system
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition4: FMA: Brain - segment of neuraxis (central nervous system part) which consists of portion of neural tissue arranged and subdivided into forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain, (myelencephalon) and metencephalon), contained in cranial cavity, surround cerebral ventricular system, continuous with and rostral to spinal cord and demarcated from spinal cord by plane of foramen magnum. (NOTE: The information on supporting neuroglial and vascular networks are captured in the definition of portion of neural tissue).
subclass of: Organ
Definition1: The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube. Functions include muscle control and coordination, sensory reception and integration, speech production, memory storage, and the elaboration of thought and emotions.
structure type: Laminar structure
chinese name: 脑
Contributor-Def: from NeuroLex (birnlex)-NCI

Central nervous system
chinese name: 中枢神经系统
part of: Nervous System
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Nervous System
chinese name: 神经系统
subclass of: Body system

Body system
subclass of: Anatomical entity

Continuant
subclass of: Entity

Entity
subclass of: Thing

Independent continuant
subclass of: Continuant

Anatomical entity
subclass of: Independent continuant

regional part of body system
subclass of: Anatomical entity

Regional part of nervous system
subclass of: regional part of body system

Organ
subclass of: Anatomical entity

Laminar structure
Definition1: Part of brain characterized by distinct cytoarchitectural layers, usually distinguishable in Nissl or myelin stains, e g., cerebellar cortex
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 板层结构

Caudal

Cell group
Definition1: Population of cells whose cell bodies may or may not be contained within a clearly defined nucleus but which are considered to be a functional grouping because they are believed to be of a common type and release the same neurotransmitter, e.g., dopaminergic cell group A8
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 细胞群
part of: Brain

Commissure
citation xrefs: Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed, Spriner Verlag, 1995
Definition1: Collection of fibers connecting similar areas on the two sides of the brain; note that Squire et al (pg 35) have commissures connecting cerebral cortical areas specifically. However, the habenular commissure is not cortical
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 合缝处
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Intrinsic neuron
chinese name: 内在神经元
subclass of: Interneuron
subclass of: Defined neuron class

Interneuron
subclass of: Neuron

Neuron
chinese name: 神经元
part of: Circuit
part of: Nerve
has action: Projection

Circuit
citation xrefs: Purves et al. Neuroscience. Sinauer, 1997, pg 5
Definition1: Collection of neurons that are highly interconnected and process specific kinds of information
chinese name: 回路
part of: Neural system

Neural system
subclass of: Body system

Nerve
Definition4: FMA: Segment of neural tree organ which has as its direct proper parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree.
Definition1: Bundles of axons located in the peripheral nervous system
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 神经
part of: Nervous System

Projection
Definition1: A set of connections made by neurons with their cell bodies in one parcel and their synaptic terminations in a different parcel.
Contributor-Def: David Van Essen
chinese name: 投射

Defined class
subclass of: Thing

Defined neuron class
subclass of: Defined class

Right Cerebellar hemisphere
chinese name: 小脑右半球
part of: Cerebellar hemisphere

Cerebellar hemisphere
chinese name: 小脑半球
subclass of: Hemisphere

Definition4

Deep

Ventral
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: toward the belly (ventrum) along the dorsal-ventral axis

Transducer
definition1: I'm not sure why this is here? This is a functional term. (comment from JB, transducer is an entity, transduction is the function). Yes, but why would that be an upper level term for mammalian neuroanatomy? (MM). I guess it depends to what level people want to go-it does seem a bit out of place, do we know who added it, perhaps we could go to them for their thinking (JB)

Cardinal plane of section
Definition1: One of 3 orthogonal cutting orientations for producing sections of brain or spinal cord, defined relative to the axes of the neuraxis or body.
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Contributor-Def 2

Axon
chinese name: 轴突
part of: Neuron

Molecular layer
Consensus editors: Discussed issue of "Predominantly" - is this encoded in a relation? Sometimes just extra verbiage. Where not we want to get specific about what it is saying e.g. "more than 50%"
Definition1: Predominantly gray lamina characterized by a predominance of fibers (dendrites, axons) and a paucity of cell bodies
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 分子层
subclass of: Lamina

Lamina
Definition1: Single layer in a laminar structure
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 层
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Lemniscus
citation xrefs: Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed, Spriner Verlag, 1995
Definition1: A bundle of nerve fibers in the brainstem comprising ascending sensory fibers
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 丘系
part of: Brain
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Rostral-caudal axis
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Axis that extends along the length of the body from the rostrum (beak) to the cauda (tail)
chinese name: 延髓尾轴
subclass of: Neuraxis

Neuraxis
Definition2: The brain plus spinal cord
Definition4: Same as CNS in the FMA
Contributor-Def 2: NeuroLex as adapted from FMA
chinese name: 神经轴
Definition1: The neuraxis is the axis of the central nervous system. It denotes the direction in which the central nervous system lies. During embryological development, the neuraxis is bent by various flexures, contributing to the mature structure of the brain and spinal cord.
Contributor-Def: wikipedia
Definition1: brain and spinal cord, excluding retina
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
subclass of: Anatomical entity
Definition4: Same as central nervous system

Intercommissural line

Midsagittal
Definition1: Sagittal plane at the midline
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Central Nervous System
Definition4: FMA: Synonym of Neuraxis - is an organ with organ cavity which has as its direct proper parts brain and spinal cord.
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition5: There's an issue on the question of the retina. There's contention about this issue. Jyl: From e-mail discussion on retina, the consensus seemed to be that cranial nerves (I and 2) (retina and bulbus olfactorius) are part of sensory organs that are part of CNS, while cranial nerves III-XII are considered part of the PNS, as are spinal nerves.
Consensus editors: Maryann Martone, Onard Mejino, Paul Katz, David Osumi-Sutherland, Mihai Bota, Chris Mungall, Melissa Haendel, Laszlo Zaborszky, Doug Bowden, Alan, Ruttenberg, Jyl Boline
Definition1: Brain, spinal cord and nerve cell layer of retina
GO uberon CARO: GO:0021551
GO uberon CARO definitions: The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and **spinal nerves**. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
comment: "commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel" how to capture that.
definition1: The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina.

Dorsal
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: toward the back (dorsum) along the dorsal-ventral axis

GO or Uberon or CARO

Ganglion
GO uberon CARO definitions: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. // Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies.
definition1: Have some sort of epithelial capsule - is this true in mammals? Consider "sympathetic chain". Have ganglia and they are all connected. Maryanne's definition needs more. Predomimantly cell bodies. Onard: How do we distinguish ganglion with nucleus. Is the only differentia location? Functionally differetia? "discrete aggregate of neuron bodies". Note that the basal ganglion is not a ganglion in this sense. I've never heard the term "neural tree" before and I'm not sure it is useful (MM)
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
part of: Peripheral nervous system
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
Definition4: FMA: Segment of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ).
Definition1: A collection of neurons in the peripheral nervous system
chinese name: 神经节
GO uberon CARO: UBERON:0000045
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Peripheral nervous system
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
part of: Nervous System
chinese name: 外周神经系统
definition1: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves.
Consensus editors: Onard Mejino, Maryann Martone, David Osumi-Sutherland, Paul Katz, Jyl Boline
Definition4: FMA: Set of neural tree organs directly connected to neuraxis.
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Nervous System
definition1: The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior.
Consensus editors: Maryann Martone, Onard Mejino, Paul Katz, David Osumi-Sutherland, Mihai Bota, Jyl Boline

Right cerebral hemisphere
chinese name: 大脑右半球
part of: Cerebral hemisphere

Contributor-Def

Inferior

Projection neuron
chinese name: 投射神经元
subclass of: Extrinsic neuron
subclass of: Defined neuron class

Extrinsic neuron
part of: Central nervous system
subclass of: Interneuron

Parasagittal
Definition1: Sagittal plane away from the midline
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Consensus editors

Superficial

Posterior

Medial
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Toward the midline along the mediolateral axis
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Gyrus
Definition4: FMA: Segment of cerebral hemisphere which has as its direct proper parts cortical gray matter bounded by sulcal and surface fiat anatomical boundaries.
Definition1: Raised convolutions or folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex of gyrencephalic aimals
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 脑回
part of: Brain

Definition5

Transverse
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, Figure 2.8
Definition1: Plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body. This plane defines different planes of section in the brains of upright (e.g., human) and four-legged animals.
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Meninges
Definition4: FMA: Meningeal cluster - organ cluster which has as its direct proper parts dura mater and leptomeningeal sac. (Leptomeningeal sac - organ with organ cavity which has as its direct proper parts arachnoid mater, pia mater and subarachnopid space.)
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
chinese name: 脑膜
part of: Brain

Contributor-Def 5

Left Cerebellar hemisphere
chinese name: 小脑左半球
part of: Cerebellar hemisphere

Axial
existing names: transaxial ?
Definition2: Is this the same as transverse?

Blood brain barrier
GO uberon CARO definitions: Uberon has two class: BBB, and endothelial BBB.Def for BBB: "Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions". Def for endothelial BBB: ""A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells."
chinese name: 血脑屏障
subclass of: Supra Cellular Structure

Material entity
subclass of: Independent continuant

Subcellular entity
subclass of: Material entity

Supra Cellular Structure
subclass of: Subcellular entity

Neuropil
Definition1: Part of gray matter characterized by a dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the cell bodies of nerve cells (adapted from MESH)
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 神经纤维
Definition4: FMA: Cell part cluster of neuraxis consisting of neurites confined to the gray matter.
part of: Nerve fiber bundle
part of: Central nervous system

Nerve fiber bundle
existing names: neuron projection bundle
GO uberon CARO definitions: A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
GO uberon CARO: (David Osumi-Sutherland)
chinese name: 神经纤维束
part of: Fascicle

Fascicle
Definition1: A small bundle of nerve fibers
chinese name: 小束
part of: Fasciculus

Fasciculus
existing names: peduncle, brachium
citation xrefs: Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed, Spriner Verlag, 1995
Definition1: A large bundle of nerve fibers. A fasciculus may contain more than one tract
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 束
part of: Central nervous system

Dorsal-ventral axis
existing names: dorsoventral axis
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Axis that is vertical and runs from the dorsum (back) to the ventrum (belly)
chinese name: 背腹轴
subclass of: Neuraxis

Afferent

Subnucleus
definition1: Not sure we should have this in there. I think the definition will get tricky
chinese name: 亚核
part of: Brain
part of: Spinal cord
part of: Tract
part of: Column

Spinal cord
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition4: FMA: Segment of neuraxis which consists of portion of neural tissue continuous with and caudal to brain, surround central canal, demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum and contained in space of vertebral canal.
subclass of: Organ
part of: Central nervous system
Contributor-Def: NeuroLex (from birnlex)
chinese name: 脊髓
Definition1: Part of the central nervous system which is lodged in the vertebral canal; it is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate; it is enclosed in three protective membranes, the meninges.

Tract
GO uberon CARO definitions: comment: TODO - check vert vs invert
Definition1: A collection of axons that largely arises from one central nervous system part and terminates in another. Tracts are generally named by their region or origin followed by their region of primary termination, e.g., mammillothalamic tract contains axons that arise from neurons in the mammillary bodies and terminate in the thalamus.
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 管道
part of: Central nervous system
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system

Column
citation xrefs: Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed, Spriner Verlag, 1995
Definition1: Elongated nuclei that are oriented along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain or spinal cord
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 功能柱
part of: Brain

Synapse
chinese name: 突触
part of: Neuron

Citations and Xrefs

Horizontal

Sagittal
Definition1: Plane of section dividing the two sides of the neuraxis
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Anterior

Parcellation scheme
Definition4: Volumetric partition of the brain using bona fide and fiat anatomical boundaries based on sets of criteria.
Definition1: a set of parcels occupying part or all of the brain that has been delineated using a common approach or set of criteria, often in a single study. A parcellation scheme for any given individual brain should not have overlapping parcels and may include gaps, transitional zones, or regions of uncertainty. A parcellation scheme derived from a set of individuals registered to a common target (atlas) may be probabilistic and include overlap of parcels in regions that reflect individual variability or imperfections in alignment.
Contributor-Def: David Van Essen
chinese name: 分割方案
subclass of: Realizable entity

Dependent continuant
subclass of: Continuant

Specifically dependent continuant
subclass of: Dependent continuant

Realizable entity
subclass of: Specifically dependent continuant

GO or Uberon or CARO Definitions

Lobe
Definition4: FMA: Cerebral lobe - segment of cerebral hemisphere demarcated by both bonafide landmarks (sulci and fissures) and fiat boundaries.
Definition1: Division of cerebral or cerebellar cortex the borders of which are sometimes defined by major sulci and/or general functional divisions
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 叶
part of: Brain

Parcel
Definition1: contiguous region of brain gray matter that is defined and delineated by methods based on one or another of the following approaches: architecture, function, pattern of connections (inputs and outputs), and/or topographic organization (mapping of a sensory sheet or a motor representation).
Contributor-Def: David Van Essen
chinese name: 小区
part of: Gray matter

Gray matter
existing names: predominantly gray structure
part of: Brain
chinese name: 灰质
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
Definition4: FMA: Cell part cluster which has as its direct proper parts predominantly somas of neurons in the brain and the spinal cord.
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system
Definition1: Part of neuraxis in which cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve processes predominate giving it a pinkish gray appearance in gross preparations, e.g., thalamic nucleus

Nucleus
definition1: Comments: Issue 1. Scope? - Nucleus of Neuraxis, of Spinal cord, of Brain. "direct part" in FMA is an issue. Most granular part for an object. Subcortical needs to be defined. Maybe not in the scope of CUMBO because it references cortex. Subcortical = part of the cerebral hemisphere but not part of the cortex. "sub" is not locational in this case it is functional. Onard: Medullary part. Maryanne - need to clarify the scope. "cytoarchitecture" correlates with "discrete aggregate of neuronal soma". See definition of CARO tissue for discussion related to cytoarchitecture and chemoarchitecture.
Definition4: FMA: Nucleus of brain is a subcortical gray matter which has as its direct proper parts predominantly discrete aggregate of somas of neurons.
Definition1: Group of cells that have commonality of cytoarchitecture chemoarchitecture and connections
Definition2: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in "subcortical" because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in "relatively compact" and "distiguishable by histology" because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate.
Contributor-Def: Clif Saper
GO uberon CARO: Gene Ontology (GO:0048857)
Contributor-Def 2: Maryann Martone
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
part of: Central nervous system
chinese name: 核
GO uberon CARO definitions: GO: A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.

Afferent pathway
Definition1: A collection of nerve fibers projecting towards a region in which it terminates
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 传入通路
part of: Pathway

Pathway
chinese name: 通路
subclass of: Entity

Efferent pathway
Definition1: A collection of nerve fibers projecting away from the region in which it originates
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 传出通路
part of: Pathway
label: Efferent Pathway

Lateral
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Away from the midline along the mediolateral axis
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Bregma
Definition4: FMA: Anatomical cranial point where the coronal and sagittal suture lines intersect.
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
chinese name: 前囟门
part of: Brain

Field

Fissure
Definition1: A sulcus that is very deep, e.g., the lateral fissure
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
chinese name: 裂缝
part of: Brain

Dendrite
chinese name: 树突
part of: Neuron

Definition2

Coronal
existing names: frontal
Definition1: Plane of section tangential to the face
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Retina
definition1: I don't think we should have actual structures in CUMBO
chinese name: 视网膜
part of: Visual system

Visual system
chinese name: 视觉系统
subclass of: Sensory system

Sensory system
chinese name: 感觉系统
subclass of: Neural system

existing names

Ventricle
Definition4: FMA: Cerebral ventricle - segment of ventricular system of brain which has as its direct proper parts wall of cerebral ventricle and cavity of cerebral ventricle.
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
chinese name: 脑室
part of: Brain

Decussation
comment: Squire et al: Axon bundles (tracts or pathways) connecting very different structures ont he two sides of the CNS. pg 36
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system
chinese name: 交叉
Definition1: Collection of fibers connecting similar areas on the two sides of the brain; note that Squire et al (pg 35) have commissures connecting cerebral cortical areas specifically. However, the habenular commissure is not cortical
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition4: FMA: Anatomical junction in which two or more white matter structures intermingle.

Efferent

White matter
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system
existing names: predominantly white structur
part of: Brain
chinese name: 白质
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
Definition4: FMA: Cell part cluster which has as its direct proper parts predominantly neurites in the brain and the spinal cord.
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition1: Part of neuraxis in which myelinated axons predominate giving it a white appearance in gross preparations

Medial-lateral axis
existing names: mediolateral axis
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Axis that is horizontal and runs from the midline to the lateral margin of the animal
chinese name: 中侧轴
subclass of: Neuraxis

Rostral
citation xrefs: Swanson, L. in Squire et al. Findamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, Elsevier, 2008, pg 22.
Definition1: Toward the beak or nose of the animal along the rostrocaudal axis
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone

Definition1

Direction

Superior

Sulcus
chinese name: 中槽
Contributor-Def: Maryann Martone
subclass of: Regional part of nervous system
Definition1: Indentations or grooves in the cerebral cortex. Note that sulci are defined in lissencephalic animals as well as gyrencephalic, e.g., the rhinal sulcus
Contributor-Def: Onard Mejino
Definition4: FMA: Subarachnoid sulcus - zone of subarachnoid space located between gyri.
part of: Brain

Motor system
chinese name: 运动系统
subclass of: Neural system

System
citation xrefs: Purves et al. Neuroscience. Sinauer, 1997, pg 5
Definition1: Collection of circuits that serve broader functions, e.g., the visual system